Sunday, March 1, 2009

Do you know the 12 Diseases That Altered History? David Lim, Auckland, New Zealand

It's often taught that the course of history hinges upon great battles, both in war and among competing ideas. The stars are a few powerful individuals—presidents, monarchs, dictators—whose actions can shift a society's development one way or another. But some influential actors are nasty and ruthless—and microscopic. In his book Twelve Diseases That Changed Our World, Irwin Sherman, a professor emeritus of biology at the University of CaliforniaRiverside, describes how bacteria, parasites, and viruses have swept through cities and devastated populations, felled great leaders and thinkers, and in their wake transformed politics, public health, and economies. U.S.News & World Report spoke with Sherman about how 12 key diseases—smallpox, tuberculosis, syphilis, AIDS, influenza, bubonic plague, cholera, malaria, yellow fever, two noninfectious diseases (hemophilia and porphyria), and the plant disease behind the Irish Potato Famine—have altered history.

Sherman also answered our questions about how the threat of disease outbreaks is affecting our world today.

Smallpox. It's the only infectious disease that has been eradicated through vaccination. The medical science of vaccination was a direct result of the devastating effects of smallpox. Essentially, studies of immunity and vaccines emerged from studies of smallpox. That gives hope that other diseases, too, will be eradicated by similar means.

Tuberculosis. The struggle against TB stimulated some of the first quests for antibiotics. The disease most likely promoted pasteurization, which heats and kills TB and other pathogens that can contaminate milk. The infectious nature of tuberculosis also prompted the building of sanitariums, where people could be isolated and treated.

Syphilis. Once treated with heavy metals like mercury, which had devastating effects on patients, syphilis inspired the discovery of chemotherapeutic agents. The sexually transmitted disease prompted chemotherapy pioneer Paul Ehrlich to look for what he called a magic bullet, which turned out to be the drug salvorsan. The history of many drugs can be traced to Ehrlich's work with dye materials that stained not only fabrics but organisms as well, spurring him to look for drugs that could bind to and kill parasites.

HIV/AIDS. "You can't talk about infectious diseases without discussing AIDS," Sherman declares. While today's chemotherapy cocktails—when available—are effective at reducing the number of AIDS-related deaths, it's a disease that also can be controlled by what he calls the most difficult intervention: behavioral control. "It's also a disease that is modern and yet has its parallels with the past in the kind of reactions that populations have when there's an unforeseen epidemic," he says.

Influenza. Few diseases have had such widespread effects on the number of deaths in the modern world as the flu, which remains a major threat worldwide despite the existence of vaccines against it. The disease very likely influenced the course of World War I by sickening and killing soldiers and straining military healthcare systems. Some have suggested that President Wilson's negotiations during the Treaty of Versailles were affected by the influenza infection he had at the time.

Bubonic plague. Quarantine—the isolation of infected or potentially infected people as a way to stem the spread of disease—developed from Europeans' long and storied history with bubonic plague. Sherman notes parallels between popular reactions to the plague in medieval times and reactions to HIV/AIDS in the modern era. Fear and ignorance, anxiety, prejudice, isolation, and panic can all result from not understanding the nature of a disease, he says.

Cholera. Spread via paltry or nonexistent sewage systems and lack of clean water, cholera was—and still is—rampant in many parts of the world. But improvements in sanitation have reduced cholera's impact in a number of regions. The power of epidemiology allowed 19th-century English physician John Snow to deduce that the disease was present in the water, even though the bacterium wasn't identified until many years later.

Malaria. One of the most lethal infectious diseases in history, malaria causes over 300 million cases worldwide and up to 3 million deaths a year. It's one of the earliest examples of the importance of controlling vectors—animal or insect carriers (in this case, mosquitoes)—in preventing the transmission of disease. One of the reasons Europeans managed to colonize Africa, according to Sherman, was that they utilized quinine, an antimalarial drug derived from the bark of the cinchona tree.

Yellow fever. Although vanquished in some countries, this mosquito-borne disease hasn't been eradicated and probably never will be, says Sherman. The disease influenced the building of the Panama Canal, the Louisiana Purchase, and, in fact, the pre-World War II development of the southern United States. "The stereotypes of the lazy, drawling southerner and the energetic, bright northerner were typical characterizations due to disease or the absence of disease," Sherman says. "In the North, mosquitoes couldn't survive overwintering, so there wasn't yellow fever. In the South, on the other hand, you had a population that was either decimated or debilitated by the disease."

Hemophilia and porphyria. As genetic blood disorders, hemophilia and porphyria had serious effects on the crowned heads of Europe. According to Sherman, the rise of Spanish dictator Francisco Franco can be traced to the lack of an heir to the throne because of hemophilia. Another example is the collapse of the Romanov dynasty in Russia, which was due to hemophilia in the family. The czar was debilitated and couldn't take over, setting the stage for the rise of the Bolsheviks.

Many of the British monarchs were unable to manage their kingdoms because of porphyria, which can cause a variety of mental problems, like hallucination, paranoia, and anxiety. Some describe George III's treatment of his American subjects, which helped to trigger the American Revolution, as being in part affected by his porphyric attacks.

Potato blight (cause of the Irish Potato Famine). Sherman expanded the range of maladies to indicate to readers that diseases affect not only humans but also sometimes what we eat. Potato blight had a profound impact because it devastated a staple food that fed much of Ireland in the mid-1800s. Other plant diseases could have similarly far-reaching consequences today, says Sherman. Many agricultural economies focus on a particular crop, so a single disease could be a big threat—and a major historic force. The Irish famine influenced America by generating an influx of Irish immigrants to U.S. cities; those newcomers expanded the Democratic Party, participated in the development of labor unions, and molded the nation's character in numerous other ways.

Thursday, February 26, 2009

ORYX Bike by Harald Cramer



ORYX is a time trial bike with one-sided fork and chain-stay, designed by Harald Cramer. Its handle bars, stem and fork are made of one piece. Seat post and saddle are also integrated in the frame.

The ring crank is mounted in the frame by ball bearings. A special carbon construction guides chain and cables through the frame. ORYX is controlled by a hub shift lever and drum brakes. The wheels can be removed with button. The upper shift lever is located in the revolvable handle bars.

New Zealand Judge orders 'odd' name change (Auckland, NZ)

A judge in New Zealand made a young girl a ward of court so that she could change the name she hated - Talula Does The Hula From Hawaii.

Judge Rob Murfitt said that the name embarrassed the nine-year-old and could expose her to teasing.

He attacked a trend of giving children bizarre names, citing several examples.

Officials had blocked Sex Fruit, Keenan Got Lucy and Yeah Detroit, he said, but Number 16 Bus Shelter, Violence and Midnight Chardonnay had been allowed.

One mother wanted to name her child O.crnia using text language, but was later persuaded to use Oceania, he said.

'Social handicap'

The ruling, in the city of New Plymouth on the North Island, was handed down in February but only made public now. The name issue emerged during a custody hearing for the young girl - who had refused to tell her friends her name and went simply by "K".

"The court is profoundly concerned about the very poor judgment which this child's parents have shown in choosing this name," Judge Murfitt wrote.

"It makes a fool of the child and sets her up with a social disability and handicap, unnecessarily."

Talula Does The Hula From Hawaii's name has now been changed and the custody case resolved, court officials said.

New Zealand does not allow names that would cause offence or that are longer than 100 characters, Registrar-General Brian Clarke said.

Officials often tried to talk parents out of particularly unusual choices that could embarrass their offspring, the Associated Press news agency quoted him as saying.
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UNUSUAL NAMES
Allowed: Violence; Number 16 Bus Shelter; Midnight Chardonnay; Benson and Hedges (twins)
Blocked: Yeah Detroit; Stallion; Twisty Poi; Keenan Got Lucy; Sex Fruit; Fat Boy; Cinderella Beauty Blossom; Fish and Chips (twins)
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My unusual name hasn't affected me at all; in fact, it has helped me make friends and improve my confidence, especially since leaving school.
Russell Sprout, London, UK

I often get jokes about my names as I am named after the Western Isle that my family originally come from. Although I am proud of the name, shortening to Eris, as I normally do gets some strange looks.
Eriskay Toreen, England

What kind of parents would name their child after a bus shelter? I could only understand it if they had been trying for a baby for years without success and then, out of the blue, octuplets came along.

And as for the twins called Benson & Hedges, does that mean they not allowed in any enclosed public space?
Jonathan, Leicester

My name is Chris Morley. It's just about the most common name in Britain and I've got no problem with it whatsoever. In fact I like it. Who do these people think they are, afflicting other human beings with ridiculous names that are almost certainly going to open them up to ridicule and, at worst, bullying? True parents, loving parents, try to give their offspring the best start in life. Instead these selfish idiots - who either find such names funny or who are so desperate to gain attention that they are willing to use their children as a tool - are socially handicapping their children from the very moment of birth. Talula Does The Hula From Hawaii is utterly ridiculous and insulting, and I am both happy with, and unsurprised by, the judges decision. I hope her 'parents' are ashamed.
Chris Morley, Oxford, UK

I hated my parents for what they named me up until I was a teenager, but then I just became comfortable with it. I suppose it was just bad for me as my sister was called Judy.
Ftango Molasses, London England

Funny the number of people who when hearing my name for the first time still think they're the first to come up with the 'how's Liz'gag! Been happening for best part of 50 years now!!
Richard Burton, London

Shanmuga Velu Palani Velu, My father name is Chinnaswamy Palani Velu. My father kept my name as Shanmuga Velu. Now because of that my full name is Shanmuga Velu Palani Velu. Many of my friends known me as Velu, becasue of the lengthy unusual name.
Shanmuga

I have been teased mercilessly from childhood to my adult years...you won't believe the amount of times people have burst out laughing right in my face when they ask my name..
Craig Gogay, London, UK

My name is relatively unusual but it has not caused me any problems in life - apart from the frustration caused by the constant mis-spelling of Laslo. I have been called "Lasio", "Lazlo" and one time "Lazio".
Laslo Panaflex, Belgium

I have had my future kids names picked out for the last 5 years: Spoon Marie, Toaster Thadious, and Grayson Basin Mason...maybe I should have 4 now that Tullulah Does The Hula From Hawaii has become free!
Cassie, Cardiff

We have three children two girls named Storm and Skye and a boy named Blade ... if we have another boy, his name will be Raven, River or Rayne.
TJ, Hampshire, UK

I have recently changed my name from Bruce, James, Spencer Robinson to Jackson, James Robinson. I got bullied at school for being called Bruce, at the time Mr Forsyth was on the TV a lot and kids don't need much to tease and bully. My Family and work friends have adjusted quickly to the change.
Jackson Robinson, Exeter UK

My full name is: Elisabeth, Anne, Helene, Catherine, Genevieve, Cecile, Marguerite, Marie Szentkereszty de Zagon (Baroness). My passport and ID only have my initials on them. My driver's licence (American) did not have room enough for the entire last name. My names are common (except last name and means Holy Cross of Zagon - which is in Transylvania) I do love my name, but usually only use Elisabeth de Zagon...
Elisabeth, Brussels, Belgium

My grandmother was perhaps a bit ahead of her time in 1927 in naming her first child, my father, after a popular recording star of the time. She was a fan of Ivor Norvello, but obviously didn't link the first name Ivor, with her surname Payne before the birth was registered. My father was therefore christened Ivor Payne. He said that he really was the forerunner of the unfortunately named hero of the Jonny Cash song, A Boy named Sue, in that there weren't too many days at school when he wasn't involved in a fight because someone had teased him about his name. Sadly he died in 1999, and one of the questions I never asked him was whether he felt having that particular name had affected his life. Ivor Payne 1927 1999 R.I.P.
Martin Payne, Norwich, Norfolk

I changed my name by deed poll to Jenna Dana Bananarama Rater. I'm now the Jenna Rater!
Jenna Dana Bananarama Rater, Cardiff, Wales

I fell into this trap completely by accident with my son Connor. It was only when his first piece of post arrived that we realised he was C. Shaw.
Phil Shaw, Portsmouth

Although my name is becoming more common when I was young I was often teased because of my unusual name that was when people actually got it right. The usual comment was "where's hardy then?" but i think the best one was when I was seven my teacher had had enough of having to correct herself when she called me laura, lauren, laurence and so decided that she was going to call me Daisy as it was simpler! Thankfully now I love my name as it is uncommon but I really think parents should think about how their children will be treated rather than jumping onboard the weird name band wagon
Laurel, Swansea

My name has been a source of angst my entire life. To this day I have to repeat ad nauseum;often times spelling my name, in a futile effort to have it pronounced correctly. Sadly my middle name is no better and I was left with no choices in school. I was bullied, ridiculed and mocked and to this day supposedly mature adults still have a snicker at my expense. I approve whole heartedly of the New Zealand law that offers some recourse to children so benighted. Naming your child is not an exercise in creative writing or an avenue for personal expression; if you want that take a class or write a book. The psychological effects of an odd name are painful, deep and lasting.
Kurleigh Martin, San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago

My sister (Che) and I both have unusual names and we love them! It's nice to be unique in your school/college or place of work. It can also be an ice-breaker when meeting new people. Lots of people comment favourably about my name and I've never been bullied as a consequence of it.
Chula Bishop, Newbury England

Its easy to see the embarrassment at an early age but as soon as she is old enough she will recall the tale fondly with people saying 'did your parents really call you that?'. I'd look back and wish I kept it, but then I like my credit cards reading 'Mr D Vine'.
Darren Vine, Warwick

Being called Slick has its advantages and disadvantages but I get along just fine, in fact I've learned to love my name.
Slick Bryn Davies, Manchester

No-one ever considered that the child might like the quirkiness of their name. Nothing has ever held back my development or progress in the world. I'm now working in the catering trade and everyone calls me Eggy. I don't see the problem!
Egnorwiddle Waldstrom , London, UK

My name is Varithamby Jeyahprakash Tharamakulaseelarajan my brother's name is Sathiyasothilegaeswaran Thramakulaseelerajan, we still struggle to fill-in legal forms because they never have enough space. Parents do not think long term when naming their children specially in South Asia. I think they should be given lessons in naming their offsprings.
J Rajan, Colombo Sri Lanka

My friends call me Manny! --Mangled Brown Fence-Post, London

I went to school with a boy called Justin Kayce. --Chris Morton, Plymouth, UK

Nokia 5800 Multimedia Touchscreen Phone, Auckland, New Zealand, David, Lim


I visited a few Vodafone dealership today around Auckland and found that a few stores is retailing the Nokia 5800 phone, the first touchscreen model introduced by Nokia. Unfortunately, I never have the chance to test drive a unit in live mode! Very tempting size and design!

Generall: 2G Network GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900
3G Network HSDPA 900 / 2100
HSDPA 850 / 1900 - American version
Announced 2008, October
Status Available. Released 2008, November
Size Dimensions 111 x 51.7 x 15.5 mm, 83 cc
Weight 109 g
Display Type TFT touchscreen, 16M colors
Size 360 x 640 pixels, 3.2 inches
- Proximity sensor for auto turn-off
- Accelerometer sensor for auto-rotate
- Handwriting recognition
Ringtones Type Polyphonic (64 channels), MP3
Customization Download
Vibration Yes
- Stereo speakers
Memory Phonebook Practically unlimited entries and fields, Photocall
Call records Detailed, max 30 days
Card slot microSD (TransFlash), up to 16GB, 8GB included, buy memory
- 81 MB internal memory
- 128 MB SDRAM memory
- ARM 11 369 MHz CPU
Data GPRS Class 32
HSCSD Yes
EDGE Class 32
3G HSDPA, 3.6 Mbps
WLAN Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g, UPnP technology
Bluetooth Yes, v2.0 with A2DP
Infrared port No
USB Yes, v2.0 microUSB
Features OS Symbian OS v9.4, Series 60 rel. 5
Messaging SMS, MMS, Email, Instant Messaging
Browser WAP 2.0/xHTML, HTML, RSS feeds
Games Yes + Java downloadable, order now
Colors Black, Red, Blue
Camera 3.15 MP, 2048x1536 pixels, Carl Zeiss optics, autofocus, video(VGA@30fps), flash; secondary videocall camera
- Built-in GPS receiver
- A-GPS support
- Nokia Maps 2.0 Touch
- Java MIDP 2.0
- MP3/WMA/WAV/eAAC+ player
- MPEG4/WMV/3gp video player
- Stereo FM radio with RDS
- TV out
- 3.5 mm audio output jack
- Voice command/dial
- Document viewer
- T9
- Photo editor
- Built-in handsfree
Battery: Standard battery, Li-Ion 1320 mAh(BL-5J)
Stand-by: Up to 406 h
Talk time: Up to 8 h 45 min